Computer underground Digest Sun 8 Nov, 1998 Volume 10 : Issue 55 ISSN 1004-042X Editor: Jim Thomas (cudigest@sun.soci.niu.edu) News Editor: Gordon Meyer (gmeyer@sun.soci.niu.edu) Archivist: Brendan Kehoe Shadow Master: Stanton McCandlish Shadow-Archivists: Dan Carosone / Paul Southworth Ralph Sims / Jyrki Kuoppala Ian Dickinson Field Agent Extraordinaire: David Smith Cu Digest Homepage: http://www.soci.niu.edu/~cudigest CONTENTS, #10.55 (Sun, 8 Nov, 1998) File 1--Islands in the Clickstream. A Vision of Possibilities File 2--TechnoCalyps File 3--Fwd: Porn Case Photos May Be Published File 4--Lawsuit Filed Against New Censorship Law File 5--POLICY POST 4.18: CDT PROMOTES INTERNET ADVOCACY ACTIVITIES IN File 6--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 25 Apr, 1998) CuD ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL, AND SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION APPEARS IN THE CONCLUDING FILE AT THE END OF EACH ISSUE. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Mon, 26 Oct 1998 11:09:54 -0600 From: Richard Thieme Subject: File 1--Islands in the Clickstream. A Vision of Possibilities Islands in the Clickstream: A Vision of Possibilities It is one thing (some would say the only thing) to apprehend that clear focus inside our own field of subjectivity that enables us to aim our lives with greater precision and another thing to begin building a different construction of reality based on the modular building blocks provided by our society. But that construction - ultimately defining a very different universe - will still be animated by our intentionality. The ghost in the machine will still be a ghost. Three domains that currently converge in a way that radically redefines our possibilities are (1) the transformation of our perceptual field by virtue of our interaction with technologies of information and communication; (2) the redefinition of what it means to inhabit a "human space" as we begin to genetically engineer our field of subjectivity, affective states, and modalities of being; and (3) the evolution of a trans-planetary civilization including our designed descendents and other intelligent species in our galactic neighborhood. Those of us old enough to straddle the icebergs of rapidly diverging paradigms know that sooner or later we have to jump and live inside a relatively consistent model of reality. The digital model, the model enabled by digital interaction, is becoming dominant. We internalize a view of the landscape by internalizing first the forms of the media that convey images of that landscape to our brains. The medium is the message, as McLuhan said. Both the eye and our extensions of the eye define our field of view. We can see this because we still live near the terminator on the moon, where the contrast between light and darkness throws mountains and rills into sharp relief. When the moon is full, its features dissolve, and when it's all darkness, there's nothing to see. Liminal vision is razor-sharp. The digital landscape is interactive, modular, and fluid. So how we construct reality is too. This is noticeable when people complain about the loss of security that they once felt. A friend said last night with some resentment, "Organizations used to be loyal to employees and employees to organizations. Not any more." What he meant, I believe, was that the construction of reality he used to share with others in an unexamined consensus sustained the illusion that cultural artifacts, including organizational structures, were more permanent. Our organizational structures - including nations, world religions, and "the earth" as a point of reference for our thinking - are top-level consensual constructions fused with the media that filter the data of our lives. The media create the infrastructure of our collective thinking in their image. But so do our genes. We are discovering that thinking and feeling are expressions of our genetic code. A consumer society in which we swap simulations like children trading baseball cards has long conditioned us to accept the "manufacture of consent" in every domain of our lives. A generation before Chomsky wrote "Manufacturing Consent," Edward Bernays, the "father of spin," wrote "Engineering Consent." Bernays understood that creating a particular context always generates a particular content. (He assisted book publishers whose sales were declining, for example, by soliciting testimonials on the importance of reading, then took the affidavits to architects who agreed to build houses with built-in bookshelves. New homeowners, not even noticing, stocked those shelves with books). The use of images to collect individuals in groups, then move those groups, is an ancient practice. But now we will engineer the kinds of human beings available for binding and bonding in the first place. The practice of genetic engineering will dovetail with refined practices of social engineering. Most of it will go unnoticed. Subcultures that pride themselves on independent thinking, for example, are a good gill net in which such people can be collected, observed, or manipulated. That's much more effective for social control than repression of such tendencies and their social expressions. We may find it desirable to build larger percentages of people amenable to such manipulation. That practice would simply extend what we call "education" onto the practical level of biomechanics. Fractal levels of self-control by the body politic will manifest in whatever media are available. Ethicists will object, but the cries of ethicists always follow the emergence of the practice they decry. Last but not least, our identity as "citizens of the earth" - which intensified as a point of reference when the first photograph of the earth seen from the moon became part of our collective awareness - will be, in the not too distant future, a historical memory, much like biblical tribes in the memories of Jews, Christians, and Moslems. Whether we persist as a distinct identity, like Jews, or vanish in the gene pool, like Jebusites and Perizzites, is impossible to predict. Our constructions of reality will change when we couple our current modular thinking with the modules of beings who have different genetic structures and reference a different cosmology. The challenging process of negotiating realities as we engage with the perspective of other species will reveal what it means to be human-on-earth. If a "human" point of reference persists, it will be profoundly altered by that encounter. My experience in Hawaii taught me that the Hawaiian construction of reality shattered when Captain Cook sailed into Kealakekua Bay. Nearly two hundred years later, in the nineteen sixties, when consciousness-raising activities became pervasive in the dominant culture, their descendents reconstructed Hawaiian culture, but as it was seen through the prism of the dominant culture. Hawaiian culture today is a reflection in the eye of the assimilating culture, a simulation built to the blueprints of archeologists and imagineers. The moment we see ourselves as we are perceived by another, we become someone else, neither who we were nor who they think we are. How we design the reality factories of our genetic structures and link them in digital simulations in a trans-planetary context so much more vast than the thinking life of our little planet has imagined - well, at the least, life in the next century will not be devoid of interest. ********************************************************************** Islands in the Clickstream is a weekly column written by Richard Thieme exploring social and cultural dimensions of computer technology. Comments are welcome. Feel free to pass along columns for personal use, retaining this signature file. If interested in (1) publishing columns online or in print, (2) giving a free subscription as a gift, or (3) distributing Islands to employees or over a network, email for details. To subscribe to Islands in the Clickstream, send email to rthieme@thiemeworks.com with the words "subscribe islands" in the body of the message. To unsubscribe, email with "unsubscribe islands" in the body of the message. Richard Thieme is a professional speaker, consultant, and writer focused on the impact of computer technology on individuals and organizations. Islands in the Clickstream (c) Richard Thieme, 1998. All rights reserved. ThiemeWorks on the Web: http://www.thiemeworks.com ThiemeWorks P. O. Box 17737 Milwaukee WI 53217-0737 414.351.2321 ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 1 Nov 1998 13:04:06 +0100 (MET) From: Michel Bauwens Subject: File 2--TechnoCalyps I'm preparing, together with Belgian director Frank Theys, a 3-part TV documentary on the cyber-sacred (entitled 'TechnoCalyps'), and, in that context have drawn up some theses/hypotheses on the occasion of the Locarno Video Art Festival (http://sgwww.epfl.ch/UF/) Perhaps they can be of interest to CUD readers as well. Michel Bauwens ================== Avant_Garde6. Is a new kind of basis of society - the "cyber-sacred" - beginning to take shape? Some hypothesises to understand the 'cyber-sacred' By Michel Bauwens, < 1. The technological quest is a spiritual quest I'd like to start with the premise that the quest for the transcendental is in fact 'wired' in the human psyche. Even if we are not spriritually or religiously inclined, we cannot escape thinking about our relationship with the 'totality' of existence, and forbid our souls to yearn for an escape from the humane condition and our inescapable death. Hence I believe that the history of human civilisation can be characterised by a kind of competition between spritual transhumanism and matieralistic or technological transhumanism. For thousands of years humankind has chosen the first route, believing that there was a transcendental 'supernatural' reality beyond the material world, but which could be accessed through inner development. This gave rise to traditional societies such as the HIndu civilisation, medieval Christianity, etc...where society was more or less organised to support that quest, by creating a social infranstructure to permit certain layers of the population to devote themselves to that quest. For a series of complex reasons, outside of the scope of this essay, a break occured in the Christian West. Spirituality became a creed or belief, without any realistic spiritual 'technology' to actually achieve salvation or human liberation, the result being that from the Renaissance onwards, this liberation was no longer sought in the spiritual realm but in the material realm, and a process of secularisation began. However, what used to be sought in the supernatural, was sought in material reality, and science and technology became a means to achieve transcendence. As explained by David Noble in 'The Religion of Technology', this relationship between technology and spirituality has often been quite explicit, and always implicit. Hence technology is actually carrying out a religious program for immortality, a utopian 'New Heaven and a New Earth. Where I differ with David Noble is that he believes such a relationship is wrong and that science and technology should be decontaminated, while I would argue that transcendence being inherent in our condition, we should merely be conscious of it, but it is otherwise unavoidable. I'd also like to point out the Hindu notion, put forward by Richard Thompson (author of 'Alien Identities' and 'Forbidden Archeology') that for each yogic power, there is an equivalent technology being put in place in the material world; and it echo in Hasidic Judaism, which considers that technology is putting in place material proofs of divine powers (as explained by Jozef Kazen of the Chabad website). Here it becomes very clear that behind the technological quest, there is a programmatic blueprint which comes straight out of our spiritual traditions. 2. The spiritual unconscious can cause damage if it is not brought to awareness Like all unconscious personal and societal content, it can cause damage when it is not brought under the light of reason and consciousness. Hence there is a lot of hubris in current technology (and the social forces promoting it) that could be detrimental to our human future, with an unspoken yearning to go beyond our bodily condition (the theme of the obsoleteness of the body), beyond our minds (replacing it with superior artificial intelligences) and in fact, beyond the human. Quite an important percentage of the discourse on the cyber-sacred could fall in that category, and I'm particularly thinking of movements such as the Extropians, the transhumanist philosophy, and authors like Hans Moravec, Frank Tipler, etc... 3. Technological transcendence is not real transcendence I have no clear position on the realism of current technological transhuman or posthuman aims, and whether things like extreme longetivity, mind downloading, and such are really possible. However, it can be said that even if they are realisable, this technological transcendence is not real transcendence. Indeed, what techno-transhumanis wants to achieve is longer life, more time; having control over more space, etc.. Itall stays on the horizontal axis, stays within time and space, and doesn't actually go beyond it, doesn't move on the vertical axis. Hence technological transhumanism can in no real sense ever replace the need for genuine spirituality. 4. Technological development can/does stimulate spiritual awareness This positive statement may surprise after my previous criticism but yes, there is a sense in which technology stimulates spiritual awareness. I'd like to refer to the works of Jean Gebser (The Ever-Present Origin) and especially Ken Wilber (The Spectrum of Consciousness) with their viewpoint on the evolution of human consciousness through time, establishing a clear link between the psycho-genesis of the individual human mind, and the socio-genesis of civilisations, showing that the latter move along the same stages than the individual in his spiritual maturation. Wilber makes the interesting and crucial distinction when he shows that there are two lines of development. One for advanced practitioners and spiritual realisers with an evolution from shamans to saints to budhas, each 'generation' building on the knowledge of its predecessors. Another line concerns the broader population, and here, there is an absolutely clear link, in a Marxian sense, between the general level of communicative technology, and the average level of awareness of a given society. Hence, yes, in this specific sense, the globalising technology of the internet will in all likelyhood lead to a 'jump' towards some kind of more planetary consciousness. (this process, depending on the human will, maturation, and a host of subjective factors, is of course not automatic, and hence, regression would be possible, and catastrophic, and of course, we can all see the many reallly regressive forces at work, such as fundamentalism, cultism, etc..), or in other words, when the 'hardware' changes, the software (our humans minds) should follow. Both Gebser and Wilber define the new state of consciousness which has been budding during this century and is being stimulated by the new technological infrastructure as "vision-logic', the first transpersonal state beyond pure rationality. I am posting a separate article explaining these perhaps complicated or even enigmatic notions (see the essay 'Ken Wilber and Cyberspace'). Hence, when we speak of the cyber-sacred, we should say what exactly we mean, and I'm certainly not suggesting a new agey notion of universal harmony, but yes, a broadening of the human mind seems in the cards. We should be very careful in distinguishing the transrational (i.e. trans-mental states such as when one is contemplating one's own mind's workings in meditation) states, from the pre- or infrarational states. In our opinion, lots of the so-called cyber-spirituality can be or is regressive, such as the trance-inducing and pharmaceutically aided techno music. While perhaps in a sense temporarily liberating in terms of the control of the self, these techniques are in no way a guarantee for spiritual maturation. 5. Spiritual development is necessary to technological development It seems pretty certain that with technology giving us 'transhuman' powers over our environment and ourselves, we do need an additional level of spiritual development as well. Technology has many negative influences over the quality of our life (an increase in the 'speed of life', is just one), where spiritual techniques can help. To mention but a few: the rules of sacred architecture (and its power to create restful minds) could be used to create vivogenic (livable, life-enhancing) cyberspaces, a notion put forward by VRML-founder and techno-pagan Mark Pesce and practiced by Michael Heim. Think of notions such as the possible development of some kind of "cyber-feng shui." Spiritual psycho-technologies (and body-work techniques) such as meditation, contemplation, relaxation, concentration, yoga and such, will become necessary complements to our sedentary lifestyles, and the stress induced by hyper-technology. Technologies such as the internet continuously draw our consciousness out to the external material world (or rather, the 'materialisation of our culture' in cyberspace format), and make it ever so difficult to look at ourselves and our functioning, and a counterforce is an absolute necessity for mental and spiritual balance. 6. Technological and spiritual transhumanism should not bej opposed, but integrated Technological transhumanism is totally legitimate and will undoubtedly bring a number of important benefits for our social and bodily wellbeing (in terms of better health, increased lifespans, etc..). Spiritual transhumanism is equally necessary for our individual and social growth and further evolution. Well understood, both can be complimentary. The central task of our current epoch is to spiritualise technology (by becoming conscious of the unconscious drives that push it forward, and using it in positive ways) on the one hand, and to 'technologise' spirituality on the other hand. By drawing out the valid psycho-technologies within the core of religious traditions, purifying it from the layers of belief and literal myth. Or in other words, in a more broader sense: we need to spiritualise rationality, and to rationalise spirituality. Only when this is achieved, can one really talk about the cyber-sacred in any real sense. Recommend books to explore the issue: David Noble's THE RELIGION OF TECHNOLOGY, Jennifer Cobb's CYBERGRACE, Eric Davis' TECHGNOSIS. Own articles and essays are in the Reading Room of KyberCo, http://www.kyberco.com/articles ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 5 Nov 1998 12:40:00 EST From: cudigest@venus.soci.niu.edu Subject: File 3--Fwd: Porn Case Photos May Be Published From--AOLNews@aol.com Date--Mon, 2 Nov 1998 03:12:38 EST Porn Case Photos May Be Published .c The Associated Press LONDON (AP) -- British police want to publish photographs of the 400 victims of an Internet child pornography ring so they can identify them and prevent further abuse, newspapers reported today. The British National Crime Squad, which coordinated the international crackdown on the Wonderland Club pornography ring in September, said it would propose publishing the photographs in newspapers and on television. The National Crime Squad will discuss the plan next month with the other police forces involved, The Daily Telegraph reported. On Sept. 2, police in 12 countries raided the homes of more than 100 suspected pedophiles to break the Internet club, which authorities said exchanged pornographic pictures of children as young as 2 on the Internet. The countries involved in the raids included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Britain, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and the United States. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 28 Oct 1998 18:59:16 -0500 From: "EPIC-News List" Subject: File 4--Lawsuit Filed Against New Censorship Law Source: Epic Alert: Volume 5.15, October 28, 1998 Published by the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) Washington, D.C. http://www.epic.org ======================================================================= [1] Lawsuit Filed Against New Censorship Law ======================================================================= EPIC has joined other online civil liberties groups in a court challenge to the new federal Internet censorship bill signed by President Clinton as part of the omnibus budget package. The lawsuit, filed in Philadelphia on October 22, asserts that the "Child Online Protection Act" will violate both the free speech and privacy rights of Internet users. The case is being litigated by EPIC, the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Demonstrating the range of speech affected, the list of plaintiffs includes the Internet Content Coalition, a member group including Time Inc., Warner Bros., C/NET and The New York Times Online; OBGYN.Net, a women's health website; Philadelphia Gay News; and Salon Magazine. In February 1996, EPIC, ACLU and EFF filed a challenge to the ill-fated Communications Decency Act. A three-judge federal panel in Philadelphia struck down the law in June 1996, a ruling that was upheld by a unanimous Supreme Court one year later. The "Child Online Protection Act" makes it a federal crime to "knowingly" communicate "for commercial purposes" material considered "harmful to minors." Penalties include fines of up to $50,000 for each day of violation, and up to six months in prison if convicted of a crime. The government also has the option of bringing a civil suit against individuals under a lower standard of proof, with the same financial penalty of up to $50,000 per violation. Compliance with the Act would require websites to obtain identification and age verification from visitors, a feature of the law that threatens online privacy and anonymity. In a seven-page analysis of the bill sent to Congress on October 5, the Justice Department said that the bill had "serious constitutional problems" and would likely draw resources away from more important law enforcement efforts such as tracking down hard-core child pornographers and child predators. The Justice Department also noted that the new law is ineffective because minors would still be able to access news groups or Internet relay chat channels, as well as any website generated from outside of the United States. The text of the complaint is available at: Subscription Information http://www.epic.org/free_speech/copa/complaint.html ======================================================================= The EPIC Alert is a free biweekly publication of the Electronic Privacy Information Center. To subscribe or unsubscribe, send email to epic-news@epic.org with the subject: "subscribe" (no quotes) or "unsubscribe". A Web-based form is available at: http://www.epic.org/alert/subscribe.html Back issues are available at: http://www.epic.org/alert/ ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 9 Sep 1998 15:41:40 -0400 From: Ari Schwartz Subject: File 5--POLICY POST 4.18: CDT PROMOTES INTERNET ADVOCACY ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Sender: owner-policy-posts@CDT.ORG Precedence: bulk Reply-To: Ari Schwartz The Center for Democracy and Technology /____/ Volume 4, Number 18 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- A briefing on public policy issues affecting civil liberties online ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- CDT POLICY POST Volume 4, Number 18 September 9, 1998 CONTENTS: (1) CDT Promotes Internet Advocacy in Central and Eastern Europe (2) CDT Issues Report Finding Strong Protection For Free Expression on the Internet Under International Human Rights Principles (3) Encryprion and Surveillance Concerns Raised (4) How to Subscribe/Unsubscribe (5) About CDT, Contacting us ** This document may be redistributed freely with this banner intact ** Excerpts may be re-posted with permission of |PLEASE SEE END OF THIS DOCUMENT FOR INFORMATION ABOUT HOW TO SUBSCRIBE, AND HOW TO UN-SUBSCRIBE| _____________________________________________________________________________ (1) CDT PROMOTES INTERNET ADVOCACY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE Working through the Global Internet Liberty Campaign (GILC), a broad coalition of Internet policy and civil-liberties organizations, CDT cosponsored a conference last weekend entitled "Outlook for Freedom, Privacy and Civil Society on the Internet in Central and Eastern Europe." Held in Budapest, Hungary and addressed mainly to non-governmental organizations, the conference attracted over 50 participants from 20 countries. The agenda included freedom of expression; media regulation models; electronic surveillance and encryption; affordability and access; and NGO activism. In addition to the cosponsors, speakers included Esther Dyson, EDventure Holdings; Eva Bakonyi, Hungarian Soros Foundation; and Sasa Mirkovic, Director of Radio B92 in Serbia. The conference revealed that, while most of the countries in the region are still struggling with basic infrastructure and access issues, policy debates on content regulation and privacy are just around the corner. A number of countries are in the midst of reforming their basic laws on media and communications, posing the choice between a deregulatory, competitive and civil liberties-based approach versus efforts to regulate the Internet as if it were a broadcast medium. The region's NGOs have already begun to exploit the democratic potential of this new medium and used the conference as a means of networking and sharing ideas and learning from their Western colleagues about grassroots advocacy through the Internet. A number of the organizations present asked to join GILC, taking to this important region our fights to protect civil liberties and keep information flowing freely regardless of borders. More information on GILC is available at http://www.gilc.org. _____________________________________________________________________________ (2) CDT ISSUES REPORT FINDING STRONG PROTECTION FOR FREE EXPRESSION ON THE INTERNET UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS PRINCIPLES At the Budapest conference, CDT Senior Staff Counsel James X. Dempsey presented a new report, prepared for GILC by CDT and entitled "REGARDLESS OF FRONTIERS: PROTECTING THE HUMAN RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ON THE GLOBAL INTERNET." Release of the report coincides with the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which proclaimed that everyone has the right to "seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." The report notes that governments from Germany to China (and including the US) have already begun to impose controls on the Internet, threatening the potential of this new medium. But a well-established body of international law protects the right to freedom of expression. In addition to the Universal Declaration, regional human rights treaties in Europe, Africa and the Americas protect freedom of expression and give individuals the right to bring complaints against governments in international judicial tribunals. The report concludes that the global nature of the Internet requires a fresh interpretation of the phrase "without regard to frontiers." Given the Internet's uniquely open, global, decentralized and user-controlled nature, the report concludes that international human rights principles should be read as offering especially strong protection to freedom of expression on-line. To governments, the report says, "Don't try to censor the Internet because your efforts may well violate international human rights law, especially given the unique nature of the Internet." To free expression activists, the paper says, "International human rights documents offer strong grounds for challenging Internet censorship." To both, it says, "Pay attention to the Internet's unique qualities, for they justify the strongest legal protection." "Regardless of Frontiers: Protecting the Human Right to Freedom of Expression on the Global Internet," is available at http://www.gilc.org/speech/report/ _____________________________________________________________________________ (3) ENCRYPTION AND SURVEILLANCE CONCERNS RAISED Encryption and Internet surveillance were among other issues discussed at the Budapest conference: GILC members have begun a campaign urging decontrol of encryption exports by the 33 nations participating in the so-called Wassenaar Arrangement. The Wassenaar Arrangement, named after the city in the Netherlands where an agreement was concluded in 1994, seeks to govern export of conventional weapons and dual use technologies (those that have both a military and a civilian use). GILC members are calling on the Wassenaar countries to recognize that it is not appropriate to treat encryption as if it were a weapon. Conference participants also expressed concern about a proposal by Russian agencies to impose on Internet service providers there a sweeping requirement to assist government surveillance of e-mail and other Internet communications. The system, known as SORM (System for Effective Investigative Activities), would require ISPs to install special high-speed links to security service monitoring facilities, allowing the government to remotely monitor the communications of any Internet user. _____________________________________________________________________________ (4) SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION Be sure you are up to date on the latest public policy issues affecting civil liberties online and how they will affect you! Subscribe to the CDT Policy Post news distribution list. CDT Policy Posts, the regular news publication of the Center For Democracy and Technology, are received by more than 13,000 Internet users, industry leaders, policy makers and activists, and have become the leading source for information about critical free speech and privacy issues affecting the Internet and other interactive communications media. To subscribe to CDT's Policy Post list, send mail to majordomo@cdt.org in the BODY of the message (leave the SUBJECT LINE BLANK), type subscribe policy-posts If you ever wish to remove yourself from the list, send mail to the above address with NOTHING IN THE SUBJECT LINE AND a BODY TEXT of: unsubscribe policy-posts _____________________________________________________________________________ (5) ABOUT THE CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY AND TECHNOLOGY/CONTACTING US The Center for Democracy and Technology is a non-profit public interest organization based in Washington, DC. The Center's mission is to develop and advocate public policies that advance democratic values and constitutional civil liberties in new computer and communications technologies. Contacting us: General information: info@cdt.org World Wide Web: http://www.cdt.org/ Snail Mail: The Center for Democracy and Technology 1634 Eye Street NW * Suite 1100 * Washington, DC 20006 (v) +1.202.637.9800 * (f) +1.202.637.0968 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- End Policy Post 4.18 9/9/98 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 25 Apr 1998 22:51:01 CST From: CuD Moderators Subject: File 6--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 25 Apr, 1998) Cu-Digest is a weekly electronic journal/newsletter. Subscriptions are available at no cost electronically. 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